A good example of a bad ‘cut’. The pruner was removing what was likely a comepting leader which was of a diameter similar to the remaining trunk and was attached at a fairly vertical angle. The cut’s probably at least two years old and there’s only a little bit of callous forming near the top. The cut was made almost flush with the trunk disrupting the entire ‘collar’. The cut is very close to the ‘ridge’ and the surface, the cross-section, is elliptical in shape…it was not made perpendicular across the branch. The bark is dying and pulling away from the dead trunk tissue beneath it. Remember the collar is the zone around the base of every branch which is able to best develop callous tissue and close the wound.