Category Archives: Evolution

Nature’s Ghosts, Sophie Yeo’s Look into Ecology, the Loss of Species and Habitat, in a World that is more than mud, leaves and atoms.

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An ecological study tends to start with a particular species, a place or biotic community and then goes on to define it in terms of its relationships with its various members and the place itself, with its physical conditions. Sophie Yeo, the author of, “Nature’s Ghosts: the world we lost and how to bring it back”, does that, but where most of the books I’ve read take a narrower view and focus on a particular species or place, Yeo takes a both ‘local’ and a more global view as well as one that goes back deeply in time. Hers is not a book limited strictly to ecology as we generally understand it, because she is interested in it as a tool, a tool for reclaiming what has been lost, the ‘Ghosts’ of her title.

As a horticulturist, who took care of landscapes, this book has strong appeal, because not only does it look at life and all of its integral relationships, she includes us, the humans, who so often set ourselves separate in the rarified and an exceptional world of our own making. This is also a critique of this decision in which she writes to show us where and how we belong in this world, how we once were very much a part, how we behaved as a ‘keystone’ species, actors in a landscape, shapers, ‘creators’, and how now, as consumers/destroyers, because of our self ascribed position as superior beings, we became removed and exceptional, a threat to the our other community members, as we changed the world into one that allowed them less and less space. It’s a tall order, what she sets out to do here, but I think she largely succeeds and she does so in a way, with language that is almost lyrical, beautiful at times, and like a ‘bad’ scientist, introduces herself into her story, along with the emotion and clarity that being a new mother can give one’s self.  Continue reading →

The Emperor of all Maladies: Mukherjee’s look into Our Relationship with Cancer

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Siddartha Mukherjee’s first book, “The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer”, is the third of his I’ve read. My interest earlier, and still, remains in understanding the biology of the organism, so I read his books on genetics and the cell first, trying to improve my understanding of the complex actions and structures of life before attempting to understand a disease that ravages and destroys so many lives. His effort to write this book led to Mukherjee receiving the Pulitzer Prize. It is a gargantuan endeavor, artfully constructed. It contains several stories in an overlapping, although, natural style beginning with man’s earliest recorded conception of the disease(s). It becomes clearer and clearer as you read through it that cancer is more a ‘family’ of diseases, linked by their pattens and effects as they progress within the cell and from there, into the collective structures of our body, than it is a singular disease. But that gets way ahead.

Cancer is not a ‘new’. The ancient Greeks wrote of it and there are scattered records of it much earlier from other civilizations. Galen, wrote of it almost 2,000 years ago, attributing it to an imbalance in ‘black bile’, one of the four humors, which when out of balance, he claimed, lead to various diseases (This was the justification for the practice of ‘bleeding’ a patient that continued on into 18th and early 19th centuries, not that long ago). Such ‘humors’ were thought for centuries to be at the root of many diseases and infections across Europe until scientists, through the use of microscopes, began to understand that the cell was the basic building block of all life, and that there was a microbial world beneath and within the world readily observable to us. Galen’s views continued to hold sway until anatomists, through their careful dissections, realized that ‘black bile’ was a fabrication, an attempted explanation for something unseen at work within the body. Cancer then, along with our understanding of the body and disease, began its slow, lurching, advancement through the practice of science. What actually is cancer? Continue reading →

On Rediscovering the World We’ve Been Ignoring: An Introduction to the Life Sciences and Our Need For It

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Science is the study of life and the world around us, an exploration of the reality of the universe conducted from different ‘directions’ with the intent of understanding its endless aspects. Today, however, science in seeking to ‘peel back its layers, in attempting to clarify our place in it and improve the conditions within which we live along with our relationship with it, and each other, many have dismissed the effort and our effort to continue ‘doing’ science has become contentious. Knowing and its pursuit, has become a kind of ‘blasphemy’. Science has become politicized along with so much else. Many completely dismiss it as a wasteful effort, an attempt by elites to purposely complicate our lives with distractive and destructive nonsense, the value of expertise dismissed. For them life seems simple and obvious. Science, many claim, is an effort by ‘elites’ to obfuscate and to remove decision making ever further from the ‘people’…in doing this we are replacing curiosity and understanding with a willful ignorance, generalized fear and a ‘trust’ in those who simply, and loudly, claim to hold the answers, who demean all others and promise to return us to some ‘golden age’ fantasy of the past. They ‘reduce’ language, surrender clarity, replacing it with volume and repetition, shrink both what is acceptable for discussion and the lexicon with which we do so, rendering communications more open to confusion and misinterpretation, to manipulation. Language and speech, limited, regulated. Science can’t afford this. (Nor can any vital society.) Doubt and insecurity will overwhelm us, until we reclaim our right to knowledge. Reason, science and critical thinking, offer us a way out, a way to reclaim our agency, without destroying the world. Continue reading →

“Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death”, a Review and Thoughts on this Life

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I begin this post in my usual way of attempting to incorporate the science presented in Lane’s book into my own understanding of life. That’s what I do through the first portions of this piece. Then I stray….discussing how I understand the process of homeostasis and what I see as the extension of this, relationship as integral to complexity itself, developing from necessary sensitivity, the ‘awareness’, necessary for internal communication,  signaling, responsiveness and, ultimately, the coordination of internal functioning and cognition, sentience and ,ultimately, intelligence. It is a process of accretion, with increasing complexity. The links between related ‘things’ are then not just physical, they are energetically connected. I’ll leave this now for later.

I’ve just finished reading evolutionary biochemist, Nick Lane’s latest book, “Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death”.  It is not light reading. There are diagrams of chemical reactions, often with descriptions that urge the reader to not get overly hung up on them, the terms and steps. They are not simple processes. One transformation following another, necessarily, in precise order, until removed for other processes, other needs, the remainder augmented by what is required to continue on. Uninterrupted. Billions of times per second. He writes about the quantum hopping occurring in reactions instantaneously. Shared electrons. The flow of protons in the continuous ‘flux’ of life. The processes changing ‘directions’, spinning off secondary products, closing and reopening paths as the cell and organism works to maintain homeostasis, interpreting the seeming chaos of activity into the sustenance of life. It is a ‘story’ of constant metabolic change, patterned and ‘free’, the work of homeostasis that takes place within every organism. There is a lot here I write of not in the book, but which I’ve picked up in my other reading. And, again, I’ll remind you that as an intuiter, I combine ideas, works from disparate sciences and follow my own paths. This is another part of my journey to understanding this world.

His other books have been more accessible, for this reader anyway, but to move ahead in one’s understanding of life’s complexity, one has to have an understanding of the concepts and big ideas involved. Life isn’t magic. Its study can be simultaneously intimidating and fascinating as well as a wondrous process when look closely. I’ll be rereading this one to pick up more bits later. Continue reading →

On Biology, Ecology, Evolution: Health as a Product of an Engaged Life Aided by Science

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Biology, the ‘life sciences’, botany, evolution, cell biology, ecology, health and disease, plant communities, our relationship as humans with each other, geology and the life around us, are all topics that interest me. My most recent reading choices have focused on embryology and an organism’s capacity to maintain homeostasis, what is meant by ‘health’. Earlier I focused on the big question of ‘What is life?’ I’m an integrator, an intuitor, an assembler of conceptual puzzles. For me understanding is the goal and that usually involves understanding the ‘pieces’ of the puzzle and fitting them together into coherent wholes. That’s what I do when I select books and read. While my fiction choices are relatively wide and varied, when it comes to this question, I am far more focused, purposeful. I am not overly concerned with being correct in terms of conventional thought or even regarding that which is accepted as being scientifically correct. I’m looking for what makes ‘sense’. I ‘test’ what I read.

Science is conservative and rightly so. It works to define a foundation from which we may build on. Many, if not all scientific advances, came at the expense and pain of researchers who reach beyond the established to address the problems that accepted theory has revealed as the process advances. Egos and careers can get crushed. Arguably, every significant advance in science began as a controversial idea. Over time, with repeated experimentation, advances in technologies that enable scientists to address questions not previously possible, new insights and ways to ask the ‘question’, the new gains support, or alternatively, is revealed to be ‘wrong’. In this process other questions arise, that move us toward a more complete ‘truth’, a truth that enlightening and revealing, can never be the ultimate answer. What preceded it was not necessarily ‘wrong’, but more likely incomplete, unable to fully explain the world as our understanding of it itself changes. Science becomes a process of understanding at an ever finer scale. What once served, still does, but in a coarser grained way. Occasionally, it demands a radical rethink of our basic understanding of reality. Continue reading →

The Comfort Crisis, Thoughts on one of those books that just resonated

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I have always been physical. There’s a picture of me and my brother, I must have been four or five, sitting on a pile of boulders, on a hilltop. We had raced, which was common for us, to be the first to the top. I won. I’m grinning and my knee is bloody. It didn’t matter. 

I remember another time playing football in the yard with the older, bigger, kids, being excited after tackling one of them, no pads, no helmet, with my well earned bloody nose. No tears. I wasn’t masochistic, it was a sense of physical accomplishment, of doing something, beyond myself. Such events, not generally ending in blood, but having required physical effort, the outcome unassured, became habitual, even necessary…Sometimes I did get hurt, never catastrophically, although, in retrospect, there was some degree of luck or ‘grace’ in my efforts not having ended with more permanent physical consequences. It was a regular testing of myself. These were important learning experiences, a learning of my limits, the kind of lessons that stay with you. Continue reading →

Everything is Tuberculosis: a Disease as an Object Lesson On How to Better Live Our Lives

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John Green’s, ‘Everything is Tuberculosis’ is a great piece of writing. It is also an excellent, expansive and accessible introduction to the world of tuberculosis. By number, it’s the world’s most deadly disease, but one that is often overlooked by those of us in the wealthier, western countries, where it is largely controlled. This is a history of the human experience and the way that we have gone about treating it, or not. Tuberculosis (TB), is a disease that was an undeniable fact of life around the world for the majority of ‘modern’ human existence, before germ theory and our ability to develop and implement effective treatments. There was literally no place in the world ‘untouched’ by it. It killed indiscriminately. Author Green, mostly known for his young adult fiction, tackling problems of teen angst, love, loss and grief, here goes beyond this, asking the question, that since TB is treatable and curable today, generally even those forms that have developed resistance to several of the drugs used to control it, why is it still killing 1.25 MILLION people around the world every year? The answer isn’t difficult to find, but it reveals an ugly fact of modern life. The disease still kills to the degree that it does today because of prejudice, poverty, underfunded health care systems, a misguided reliance on cost ‘effectiveness’ when deciding who is ‘worth’ treating and a pharmaceutical industry far more interested in protecting and increasing its profits than it is in working to bring about a healthier world. Continue reading →

I Contain Multitudes: An Excellent Starting Point for the Beginner to Understand this Life

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Ed Yong’s, “I Contain Multitudes” takes a different angle into the biology of organisms, looking not so much at the functioning of the individual as it does those countless single celled organisms, protists and tiny ‘critters’ that live within and upon us, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses, dust mites etc. There are bacteria living within larger, multi-celled organisms with viruses living inside these….And these are not unusual relationships. Such relationships dominate all of life. Their exception is the rare event. Together, in their multiplicity, these constitute living communities, living in the very specific ‘biomes’, found on larger, seemingly independent organisms. Numbering in the thousands, millions, billions, even trillions, these tiny residents live in dynamic symbiotic, mutualistic, parasitic and antagonistic relationships with their hosts, often filling more than one role, depending on the host, the conditions and constitution of the biotic community. Whew! Yong’s book introduction, of the reader to this world, should lay to rest the idea that ‘we’ are truly ‘individuals’. The countless microbes that occupy and ‘invade’ us, have previously been considered unnecessary or consistently compromise our health, sources of disease.…The idea that we can ‘sterilize’ our way to better health denies the necessity of these organisms, or at least most of them, in the health of individuals.

No, he presents a variety of cases which illustrate the absolute dependence of an individual on these microbes, bacteria that breakdown our otherwise indigestible foods into forms that we can then absorb and utilize. Others that may live on our skin, defending us from attack, by providing a defense against other microbes that could otherwise infect us. Their are microbes that infect other microbes (see Martinez Arias’ book, “The Good Virus”), tiny ‘organisms’ that infect that disease’s vector, killing it before we become infected or blocking the disease causing microbe from infecting the vector, keeping it free from the organism which can cause disease in us. Continue reading →

The Good Virus, A Review and Thoughts About the Necessity of an Informed Public

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Every book tells a story, even the driest academic tome…or rather, utilizes the form of a story. Humans communicate through story. It’s how we give some communicable ‘form’ to our thoughts which we can share. Without it everything is disconnected reportage of facts, personal impressions, emotions. Raw data. Zeros and ones. incomprehensible. To communicate through story requires that we share enough elements of the story, its language, form and ideas, with our ‘listener’, that they can understand what we are saying/writing. If it is too alien, communication does not happen. The listener/reader, hears the words, but the meaning eludes them. Meaning and experience are not shared. Without these, connection, communication, fails. The more esoteric the topic, the more important it is that both ‘parties’ share a common language, that  each is ‘educated’ to some degree, about the world the other is attempting to communicate. As science and technology become ever more specialized and schools and social institutions become more isolated from their larger communities, communication fails more often than not. Especially when the ‘other’ is viewed in a negative light, as untrustworthy. Communication then requires a leap of faith, because as our understanding of the world becomes deeper and more complex, we cannot all become expert in all things. There is just too much to learn. This is when effort, trust and faith, become essential. We must share a commonality, a trust in the other. As shared knowledge, and ‘ways of knowing’ decline, assumptions then dominate. Intentions then become suspect and the very possibility of community and communication evaporate. What we ‘see’, is what ‘we’ see, not what someone else does. Whether or not that is shared is the crux of the communication problem.  Continue reading →

Master Builder: How the New Science of the Cell is Rewriting the Story of Life, Alfonso Martinez Arias, a Review

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The 20th century brought to the fore the supremacy of genetics, the time in which the secret of life was about to be explained by the DNA held within the double helix of our chromosomes. With our mapping of the human genome, at the last century’s close, after only a short time of examination and study, the secrets of life would begin to be revealed and, with them, the keys to defeat disease and, through our manipulations of these genes, our ability to design improvements that would make us resistant, or even immune, to many of our maladies. Available to us as well would be the ability to select desirable qualities in our progeny. It might even make possible the knowledge and technologies to stop, or even reverse, aging. Genes held the key within their previously unknowable ‘blueprint’ guiding the development of each individual, of every species. Industries have sprung up around this. Billions, even trillions of dollars, stand to be made as we approached our coming futures. But, as is so often the case with science, advances in knowledge bring with it entirely new questions, and what once promised to be explicable, becomes shrouded in an unexpected haze of complexity. Continue reading →